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South Asia

Afghanistan

Afghan resistance fighters return to a village destroyed by Soviet forces

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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South Asia

Pakistan

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Najibullah, Mohammad

1947- 1996

Sino-Soviet Relations

President Ronald Reagan, Vice-President Bush, and oviet General Secretary Gorbachev

United States-Soviet Relations

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Soviet Foreign Policy

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

Pakistani Nuclear History

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC). Politburo

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Amīn, Ḥafīẓ Allāh

1929- 1979

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July 20, 1987	Record of a Conversation of M. S. Gorbachev with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan Cde. Najib (Excerpt) Najibullah and Gorbachev discuss the implementation of a policy of "national reconciliation" and political settlement in preparation for Soviet troops withdrawal from Afghanistan.
May 22, 1987	Notes from Politburo Meeting, 21-22 May 1987 (Excerpt) Gorbachev and his advisors discuss building a coalition government in Afghanistan before the withdrawal of Soviet troops and also the lack of acceptance of the Soviet-backed People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA).
February 23, 1987	Notes from Politburo Meeting, 23 February 1987 (Excerpt) Gorbachev describes issues with the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan.
February 27, 1987	Record of a Conversation of M. S. Gorbachev with Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Giulio Andreotti (Excerpt) Gorbachev and Andreotti discuss issues in the Middle East, including Soviet plans in Afghanistan and a possible international conference on the Middle East.
February 26, 1987	Notes from Politburo Meeting, 26 February 1987 (Excerpt) Gorbachev and his advisors discuss whether to withdraw troops from Afghanistan.
January 22, 1987	Notes from Politburo Meeting, 21-22 January 1987 (Excerpt) Gorbachev and his advisors discuss new Afghan president Mohammad Najibullah and the possible drawdown of Soviet troops.
August 22, 1960	Memorandum of Conversation Between Deputy Minister Geng and Pakistani Ambassador to Afghanistan Abdur Rahman Khan at Ambassador Khan’s Banquet for Vice Premier Chen Pakistani Ambassador to Afghanistan Khan and Chinese Deputy Minister Geng discuss Sino-Afghani trade, Sino-Pakistani relations, and the status of Pakistani and Chinese nationals in Indonesia. While both officials express hope that Sino-Pakistani relations will improve and any Sino-Pakistani border issues will soon be resolved, Geng expresses his displeasure with Pakistan's long-standing opposition to the restoration of China's seat at the UN.
January 4, 1980	Meeting of Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko and Afghan Foreign Minister Shad Mohammad Dost, 4 January 1980 Gromyko and Dost discuss the situation in Soviet-occupied Afghanistan and foreign relations between Afghanistan and Western countries.
June 9, 1982	Conversation between Soviet Foreign Ministry Official Mikhail S. Kapitsa and Deputy Foreign Minister of Mongolia D. Yondon Record of conversation between Mikhail S. Kapitsa, the head of the First Far Eastern Department of the Soviet Foreign Ministry, and D. Yondon, First Deputy Foreign Minister of the Mongolian People's Republic. They discuss foreign relations with China, Japan and North Korea. They also discuss the current situation in Vietnam, India and Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
March 11, 1980	Hungarian Embassy in the DPRK, Report, 11 March 1980. Subject: Korean-Yugoslav relations. Kim Yeong-nam asks for military assistance from and military exchanges with Yugoslavia and discusses plans to send DPRK citizens abroad to study certain industries.