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Eastern Europe

Hungary

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Head of a toppled Stalin statue in Budapest, 1956

1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

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Nagy, Imre

1896- 1958

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Zhao Ziyang on a tour of East Germany in June 1987.

China-Eastern Europe Relations

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

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Kádár, János

1912- 1989

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894- 1971

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Malin, V. N.

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Documents

November 6, 1956	Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 6 November 1956 Debate occurs at this CC session between Molotov, who opposes approving the appeal written by the Provisional CC of the Hungarian Socialist Worker’s Party, and the other members of the CC who desire approving the document. Molotov is concerned about the unknown composition of the CC of the HSWP, the condemnations of former Hungarian Worker’s Party (HWP) politicians, the issue of renaming the HWP, and the risk that Hungary will become the next Yugoslavia. Khrushchev states that Molotov is “clung to the cult of Stalin” and that Molotov is considering bringing back Rakosi and Hegedus.
November 27, 1956	Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 27 November 1956 (Re: Protocol No. 60) These notes (part of the Malin Collection) describe Romanian leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej’s decision to negotiate with Yugoslavia regarding the fate of Imre Nagy after his arrest and transfer to Romania. The notes state that negotiations are inadvisable and remain the responsibility of Hungary. A second section of the document refers to instructions to the KGB for discrediting Nagy.
June 16, 1989	KGB Chief Kryuchkov’s Report, 16 June 1989 KGB Chief Kryuchkov reports that research into Soviet repression in the 1930’s through 1950’s reveals that Imre Nagy willingly worked for the NKVD as an informant. Using the pseudonym “Volodya,” Nagy information is said to have led to sentences for Hungarian émigrés. Kryuchkov states that the documents should be shown to the Secretary General of the HSWP and possibly used in response to calls for Nagy’s rehabilitation.
December 8, 1980	Report to the Politburo by the Department of International relations of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Report to the Politburo by the Department of International relations of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party regarding the meeting between leaders of Warsaw Pact countries on the subject of dissention in Poland
July 1, 1953	Letter from Beria to Malenkov, 1 July 1953 Letter from Beria to Malenkov, 1 July 1953, taking blame for his inappropriate actions.
July 9, 1956	Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 9 and 12 July 1956 In their meeting on July 9 and 12, 1956, the CPSU Presidium calls for an article to be prepared on the subversive activities of “imperialists” in Poznan and Hungary. Italian communist, Palmiro Togliatti, is to assist in writing an article in the Italian press. The working notes also refer to the situation developing over the rehabilitation of Hungarian communist, Laszlo Rajk, with a reference to HWP leader Rakosi.
1982	The New Hungarian Peace Movement Pamphlet from European Nuclear Disarmament containing two articles by Hungarian activist Ferenc Koszegi detailing the rise of independent peace groups within Hungary. Koszegi describes the make-up of the groups (mostly ages 14-20 and in secondary schools, along with religious groups) and problems for their growth and effectiveness, including the potential co-option by the existing state peace council and outside manipulation. He argues that the groups should increase communication networks and open dialogue with the west in order to survive and prosper. The pamphlet also contains the transcript of a speech delivered by E.P. Thompson to an independent peace group in Budapest advocating for such peace groups and the transcending of Cold War rhetoric for the purpose of nuclear disarmament.
October 30, 1956	Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 30 October 1956 The Presidium decides to promulgate a declaration on Hungary in which Soviet withdrawal and relations with the new government will be addressed. Members discuss the language of the new declaration and the advice of the CPC CC regarding the status of Soviet troops. The declaration is also intended to address the broader crisis in Soviet relations with people’s democracies.
November 3, 1956	Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 3 November 1956, with Participation by J. Kadar, F. Munnich, and I. Horvath Kadar argues that the source of mistakes in the past resulted from the monopoly that a handful of Hungarians had on relations with the Soviet Union. Rakosi is singled out as a source for previous difficulties. Kadar believes that forming a new revolutionary government is the only way to undermine the violence of the counterrevolution and prevent Nagy from acting as cover for such activities. To garner support amongst workers, Kadar argues that the new government must not be a Soviet puppet.
April 12, 1967	Hungarian Workers Party CC Minutes of Meeting held on 12 April 1967 Members of the Hungarian Central Committee discuss recent trips to Moscow and Budapest. Those involved debrief the group on discussions at both locations over the domestic situation in China and its possible repercussions for international communism.