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Eastern Europe

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Zhao Ziyang on a tour of East Germany in June 1987.

China-Eastern Europe Relations

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Sino-Soviet Relations

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893- 1976

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

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Zhivkov, Todor

1911- 1998

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Sargeant, Howland H.

1911- 1984

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Documents

September 8, 1989	Ambassadors’ Conference at the Austrian Foreign Ministry, Vienna Summary of discussion between Austrian Foreign Minister Erich Maximilian Schmid and ambassadors from Belgium, Finland, Yugoslavia, Luxembourg, and Sweden about the state of Eastern Europe, the decline of the arms race, and Western reactions to German Reunification.
June 26, 1989	Memorandum of Conversation Foreign Ministers Alois Mock (Austria) and Gyula Horn (Hungary) Transcript of official visit between Foreign Minister Horn (Hungary) with Foreign Minister Mock (Austria). In it they discuss Western European integration including Hungary's participation, the Europe Free Trade Agreement, and Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. They continue with the development of Eastern Europe elaborating the developments with the Warsaw Pact, Hungarian/USSR relations, reforming Hungarian policy, and Austria's place in these changing times.
June 8, 1989	Assessment Paper by the Austrian Foreign Ministry, '[Excerpt] Eastern Europe; Current Assessment' The paper addresses the change in economics, politics, and social structures in the Soviet bloc (Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, and the GDR) as a result of the USSR loosening up regulations.
1977	Memorandum by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Disarmament' This note my the Italian Foreign Ministry discusses the growing tensions caused by the ongoing arms race and introduces different disarmament strategies suggested by the Soviet Union, Denmark, and the Warsaw Pact.
October 19, 1964	J.S. Mehta, 'China's Bomb and Its Consequences on her Nuclear and Political Strategy' Analysis of the recent Chinese nuclear weapon test and it's strategic implications for China's diplomatic and military policies.
April 28, 1961	Memorandum by General Staff of Defense (SMD) for Minister of Defense Andreotti, 'Chief of staff's visit to the US' Report of the head of the Italian defense department’s recent trip to the United States. Of importance was the discussion of NATO’s long-term plan (ten to fifteen years), the strategic defense of the Balkans, the maintenance of the United States’ NATO forces in Europe, and the need to push development of conventional weapons to avoid having to employ nuclear weapons.
May 30, 1961	Memorandum by Chief of Defense Staff Aldo Rossi to Minister of Defense Andreotti, 'NATO new strategic approach' Rossi describes the recent trend of the US Administration to want to turn away from the doctrine of Massive Retaliation, towards the acquisition of a new strategic concept that includes an increase in the "nuclear threshold." In order for Italy to continue to lead the defense of central and southeastern Europe against the Soviet Union as well as address its internal social and political crises, the United States must provide Italy with financial assistance.
October 13, 1986	Memorandum by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'East-West relations' The document analyzes the state of East-West relations in the aftermath of the Reykjavik Summit. There appears to be an openness to continuing dialogue by both sides, but many unknowns still persist regarding Europe and the Middle East.
February 26, 1986	Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'State of the Atlantic Alliance' Analysis of the state of Atlantic Alliance in the global security landscape shows political cohesion internally, and a firm position in the security sphere. NATO also appears open to dialogue with the Eastern block, but remains aware of the centrality of European security.
August 5, 1986	Memorandum of Conversation between Craxi and Armacost Diplomatic advisor Antonio Badini's report from the meeting between Craxi and Armacost regarding international terrorism, situation in Libya and Syria, and deterioration of East-West relations.