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Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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United States. Department of State

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Western Europe

France

Nuclear Proliferation

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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United States. Department of State. Bureau of Intelligence and Research

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Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Indian Nuclear History

French Nuclear History

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Hughes, Thomas Lowe

1925-

Pakistani Nuclear History

Photograph from the 1995 NPT Review Conference

The 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989-

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

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United States. Embassy (Turkey)

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June 20, 1996	Letter, South African Department of Foreign Affairs, 'Proposed South Africa-United States Military Committee' Details of the impending US Department of Defense visit to South Africa.
April 30, 1960	Letter, South African Legation in Vienna, Regarding Relations with the United States The South African Legation in Vienna writes to the Department of Foreign Affairs to request a copy of the Union's bilateral agreement with the United States. Mr. Philip at the Department of External Affairs attaches a handwritten note that they won't find anything in the bilateral on grants for nuclear technology; the offer was made generally, in President Eisenhower's subsequent speech.
May 5, 1960	Letter, P. H. Philip, Forwarding Material on South African 'Atoms for Peace' Proposal to United States P. H. Philip of the South African Department of Foreign Affairs forwards material on South Africa's application to the United States for financial assistance with the development of a reactor for nuclear research.
May 4, 1960	South Africa Department of Foreign Affairs, 'Proposed Application to United States for Assistance in Meeting Costs of Research Reactor in Western Province' Discusses how South Africa should go about applying to the United States for financial assistance for the building of a research reactor in the Western Province, under President Eisenhower's 'Atoms for Peace' program.
March 30, 1960	Letter, South African Department of Foreign Affairs, Informing the United States of South Africa's Intent to Request Nuclear Materials P. H. Philip of the South African Department of Foreign Affairs writes to the US Ambassador to South Africa informing him that South Africa will formally apply to the United States Atomic Energy Commission by June 1st 1960 for nuclear materials, pursuant to the bilateral trade agreement between the US and the Union of South Africa.
November 1, 1962	Telegram from Polish Embassy in Moscow (Jaszczuk), 1 November 1962 Based on the conversation between Paszkowski and Deputy Director of United States Department in the Ministry of International Affairs Sergey Kudryavstev, Jaszczuk describes the situation between the US, the USSR and Cuba after the recent talks and says that "We need to wait a few days for the results of the talks regarding Cuba" to take effect.
December 14, 1962	Cable from Dutch Embassy, Washington (Van Roijen), 14 December 1962 The cable from van Roijen concerns a conversation between him and Director of UN Political Affairs at the U.S. Department of State Joseph Sisco. Sisco informs van Roijen that the Kennedy Administration has decided to let the Cuban issue quietly die, boiling down to the United States and the Soviet Union "agreeing to disagree." The State Department does not think there should be further debate on the issue in the UN Security Council because the U.S. is not willing to make further concessions while there have been no UN inspections. Sisco also reports that the Soviets have made a commitment to withdraw all combat troops from Cuba.
November 2, 1962	Cable from Dutch Embassy, Washington (Van Roijen), 2 November 1962 The cable concerns a conversation between Dutch Ambassador to the United States van Roijen and Director Ward P. Allen of the State Department's Bureau of Inter-American Regional Political Affairs, regarding further actions of the Organization of American States (OAS) in the aftermath of the Cuban crisis. Allen made note that he had very little information regarding Cuba and how Cuba would fit into future dealings with the OAS.
November 1, 1962	Cable from Dutch Embassy, Washington (Van Roijen), 1 November 1962 Dutch Ambassador to the United States J. Herman van Roijen sends a cable on a conversation he had with a member of the U.S. State Department. Firstly, the State Department was pleased to know Indonesian President Sukarno had not pledged support to Cuba during the crisis. Secondly, they hoped to make the point to Sukarno how alliance with the Soviets could not be relied upon, as the Cuban crisis and the Soviet abandonment of India have demonstrated. Thirdly, the Indonesian Ambassador Zain was going to pay six week visit to Jakarta, in an effort to promote U.S. economic support to Indonesia.
October 25, 1962	Cable from Dutch Embassy, Washington (Van Roijen), 25 October 1962 Van Roijen relates in this cable the details of a meeting with the US State Department's Bureau of Western European Affairs. With regards to Cuba, the Soviets assured the United States that they would not supply Cuba with offensive military weapons and even detailed the ranges of the missiles shipped. The construction of the bases was done in such haste that no attempt to conceal them was made, indicating the construction was on a time limit. These along with several other factors (the 1961 Berlin crisis, internal pressure within the Soviet Union) had convinced the administration that the Soviets had the fixed determination to confront the US.