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South Asia

Pakistan

Pakistani Nuclear History

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

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Nuclear Proliferation

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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Pervez, Arshad Z.

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Western Europe

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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United States. Department of State

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Indian Nuclear History

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Zia-ul-Haq, Mohammad

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United States. Embassy (Pakistan)

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Cyrus Vance 1977

Vance, Cyrus R. (Cyrus Roberts)

1917- 2002

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Hungary. Embassy (India)

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South African Nuclear History

Chinese Nuclear History

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June 1978	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Special Projects Division, 'Proliferation Group Quarterly Report, January – March 1978' This issue includes an extract from a recent study on Pakistan and two highly technical articles relating to on-going research to identify the signatures of high explosives used for the implosion method of nuclear detonation. It also includes a report that utilized open literature and classified intelligence, including two satellite photographs, the purpose of the article is to illuminate how the South African Government intended to use the site, down to the depth and thickness of the bore holes.
April 10, 1990	Department of State, Memorandum from Abraham Sofaer to Mr. Kimmit, 'Pakistan Nuclear-Final Resolution of Pervez Case' Pervez’s lawyers had mounted an entrapment defense in 1987 and a Supreme Court decision relating to that defense (Matthews vs. United States) case made it possible for Pervez to launch successfully a bid for retrial on all of the counts. After plea bargaining discussions, a trial was avoided when Pervez pleaded nolo contendere to the count of illegal export of beryllium. He was released from prison on 4 April 1990 on the basis of time served.
January 13, 1990	Department of State, Memorandum from Elizabeth Rindskopf to Mr. Kimmit, 'Pakistan Nuclear-New Trial for Pervez' Pervez’s lawyers had mounted an entrapment defense in 1987 and a Supreme Court decision relating to that defense (Matthews vs. United States) case made it possible for Pervez to launch successfully a bid for retrial on all of the counts. After plea bargaining discussions, a trial was avoided when Pervez pleaded nolo contendere to the count of illegal export of beryllium. He was released from prison on 4 April 1990 on the basis of time served.
January 5, 1988	Presidential Determination No. 88-5 of January 15, 1988 Recognizing the facts brought out by the Pervez conviction, in January 1988 the Reagan White House invoked and then waived the Solarz amendment.
January 5, 1988	White House Statement on Continuation of Military Aid to Pakistan Recognizing the facts brought out by the Pervez conviction, in January 1988 the Reagan White House invoked and then waived the Solarz amendment.
December 29, 1987	Department of State, Memorandum from INR Director Morton Abramowitz to Mr. Armacost, 'Pakistan—Pervez Case and Solarz Amendment' This INR memorandum tacitly assumed that the facts of the Pervez case fit a decision to invoke the Solarz amendment: despite some recent actions to “restrict nuclear procurement in the US,” the procurement network “could not exist without the umbrella of government approval, protection, and funding.”
December 21, 1987	Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Memorandum from Norman Wulf for Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, 'Next Steps on Pakistan—Solarz and Symington' Norman Wulf sent Armacost a proposal for applying nonproliferation standards to Palistan even if Reagan rejected application of the Solarz amendment and aid continued.
December 17, 1987	Letter, President Reagan to Speaker of the House, Enclosing Presidential Determination Reagan informed Congress that he had “concluded that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear explosive device.”
December 17, 1987	Department of State Telegram to US Embassy Islamabad, 'Pervez Case Verdict' After hearing tape-recorded conversations and seeing Pervez’s diary entries and the Pervez-Carpenter correspondence, on 17 December 1987, the jury found him guilty on 5 out of 8 counts, including conspiracy, attempted export of beryllium without the required license, and submitting false end-use statements about the maraging steel. Inam Ul-Haq was also found guilty of conspiracy and false statements.
December 14, 1987	Department of State, Memorandum from Jonathan Schwartz to Ms. Verville [et al.], 'Pervez Trial Status' After hearing tape-recorded conversations and seeing Pervez’s diary entries and the Pervez-Carpenter correspondence, on 17 December 1987, the jury found him guilty on 5 out of 8 counts, including conspiracy, attempted export of beryllium without the required license, and submitting false end-use statements about the maraging steel. Inam Ul-Haq was also found guilty of conspiracy and false statements.