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Aerial view of National Mall

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

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Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

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Middle East

Gyeongbokgung

East Asia

South Korea

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989-

Group photo from the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group Operational Basket Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, April 4-6, 1995.

ACRS Oral History Project

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

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Fahmy, Nabil‏

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Handshake between Mao Zedong and Richard Nixon

Sino-American Cooperation, 1972-1989

Dr. Syngman Rhee, 1939

Rhee, Syngman

1875- 1965

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Notte, Hanna

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A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin and the Cold War

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Baker, James Addison

1930-

Dr. Syngman Rhee, 1939

Syngman Rhee Era

Photograph from the 1995 NPT Review Conference

The 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference

East German Uprising

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December 1957	Draft Letter from Choi Duk Shin to the President (Syngman Rhee) In this draft, Choi Duk Shin discusses the 'two-fold' threat of communism and Japanese expansionism in Asia, urging President Rhee to establish a solid collective security structure against these threats as soon as possible.
November 15, 1956	CDS Report No. 24 from Choi Duk Shin to the President (Syngman Rhee) Choi Duk Shin offers his views on the crises in Hungary and the Middle East, urges President Rhee to organize immediate action against communist countries, and reports on Vietnamese domestic affairs including the recent typhoon and the continued Chinese minority debate.
August 7, 1953	Summary Record of the Conference held between President Rhee and Secretary Dulles (Third Session) President Rhee and Secretary Dulles have concluded the final negotiations for the US-ROK defense pact and now both believe it is time to inform the American and Korean public. Rhee emphasizes that he will not accept Korean neutralization and it is imperative to remove the Chinese from the north. Dulles states that the US will do its best to unify Korea under one peaceful government and will try to remove the Chinese aggressors in the north.
August 3, 1953	Confidential Memorandum, Before Agreeing to the Armistice Agreement When the United States agreed to a truce talk to end the Korea War, President Syngman Rhee disapproved. He opposed the truce and tried to attack these peace proceedings through a serious of events- such as releasing thousands of prisoners of war and creating turmoil for the US government. In order to persuade Rhee to accept the armistice defense, the US dispatches Assistant Secretary of State Walter Robertson to meet with the South Korean president in a series of bargaining discussions. Eventually, under certain conditions and a mutual defense pact with the US, Rhee agrees to the armistice.
August 6, 1953	Summary Memorandum, US-ROK Mutual Defense Treaty (August 6) In 1953, Secretary Dulles met President Rhee to discuss the US-ROK mutual defense treaty. This summary memorandum notes twelve of Rhee’s requests and/or points he will like this treaty to incorporate. These include the number of ROKA divisions, which economic model the US should use to help Korea’s economy, and the request for moral and material support for the ROK to resume war with the north. This summary also notes whether the US granted, wanted to further discuss, or rejected each point.
August 6, 1953	Summary Record of the Conference held between President Rhee and Secretary Dulles (Second Session) During the second Dulles-Rhee conference, President Rhee and Secretary Dulles led the discussion with the subject of Korean rehabilitation. Rhee makes a few suggestions that both sides should consider if Korean reconstruction should take place. These suggestions include: 1) rehabilitating Korean productive industry, 2) directly allocating money for Korea’s rehabilitation instead of doing so through the reconstruction of the Japanese economy and, 3) prevent the importation of Japanese technicians to Korea. Dulles answers he will consider Rhee suggestions, however, the US will continue to aid Japan to prevent losing her to communism.
August 14, 1953	Memorandum, President Syngman Rhee to All Diplomatic Officials Following the ratification of the Armistice Agreement and the Mutual Defense Treaty, President Rhee conveys that he expects the Armistice to fail because the communists will “undoubtedly” violate it and undermine Korean independence. Rhee wants to renew war to secure victory but most importantly to strengthen the ROK-U.S alliance. Following the memorandum he makes twelve points ranging from topic like Korean rehabilitation to prisoners of war from the Korean War.
September 30, 1949	Letter, Syngman Rhee to Dr. Robert T. Oliver [Soviet Translation] Letter from Syngman Rhee translated into Russian. The original was likely found when the Communists seized Seoul. Syngman Rhee urges Oliver to come to South Korea to help develop the nation independent of foreign invaders and restore order to his country.
May 12, 1947	Cable No. 121973, Meretskov and Shytkov to Cde. Stalin A request to send Soviet specialists to North Korea. The DPRK especially needs engineers to help them build railways. Shtykov notes that if the Koreans don’t receive aid from the Soviets, they'll turn to the Americans.
April 5, 1952	Record of the Conversation of I.V. Stalin and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Stalin discuss India's internal politics and stance on foreign policy. Radhakrishnan tells Stalin of India's recent elections and emphasizes that India shares the Soviet Union's stance against capitalism. Radhakrishna also puts forth the question of peaceful co-existence between capitalist and communist spheres, and the possibility for a neutral commission to replace the Cominform and UN. Stalin expresses doubt.