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Southern Africa

South Africa

South African Nuclear History

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Nuclear Proliferation

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Western Europe

Great Britain

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

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Vorster, B. J. (Balthazar Johannes)

1915- 1983

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Mallaby, C. L. G.

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Brazilian Nuclear History

Official portrait for President Jimmy Carter, 1978.

Carter, Jimmy

1924-

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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De Klerk, F. W. (Frederik Willem)

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Sole, Donald Bell

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Pakistani Nuclear History

Origins of Brazil-Argentina Nuclear Cooperation

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

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May 20, 1958	Letter, S.M. Naude, 'South African Atomic Energy Research Programme' Naude, the President of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa, writes to Dr. Schonland, the Director of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment to voice concerns about Dr. Roux's nuclear program proposal. The two knew each other personally.
1964	Twentieth Session of the United Nations General Assembly, 'Agenda Items Related to Disarmament' South African report on the twentieth session of the General Assembly as it relates to nuclear proliferation.
January 1966	Briefing for South African Representative to the United Nations Instructions to a South African delegate to the United Nations.
1956	South African Cabinet Memorandum, Research in the Field of Nuclear Energy and Exchanging Information with Friendly Nations South African Cabinet memorandum discussing the potential for nuclear cooperation and technology assistance from various friendly countries, including the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands.
March 30, 1960	Letter, South African Department of Foreign Affairs, Informing the United States of South Africa's Intent to Request Nuclear Materials P. H. Philip of the South African Department of Foreign Affairs writes to the US Ambassador to South Africa informing him that South Africa will formally apply to the United States Atomic Energy Commission by June 1st 1960 for nuclear materials, pursuant to the bilateral trade agreement between the US and the Union of South Africa.
March 1960	South Africa Department of Foreign Affairs, 'Purchase by the Union of a Research Reactors to be Discussed at Special Meeting of Atomic Energy Board: 16th March, 1960' Summary of a memorandum prepared by Dr. A.J.A. Roux comparing the costs and benefits of different types of reactors.
April 28, 1960	South African Report, 'Union-United States Cooperation in Nuclear Field: Financial Assistance' A summary of an exchange of telegrams between the US Embassy in South Africa and the US Legation in Vienna discussing the US position on any formal request by the Union of South Africa for nuclear materials.
November 17, 1989	Letter, Richard Carter to Herbert Beukes Richard Carter writes to the US Ambassador to South Africa proposing that South Africa "come clean" about its nuclear program.
April 9, 1981	Special Assistant for NPI, NFAC, CIA, to Resource Management Staff, Office of Program Assessment et al, 'Request for Review of Draft Paper on the Security Dimension of Non-Proliferation' Just a few months into President Reagan’s first term his administration wanted to make its own mark on nonproliferation policy. The report suggests building “broader bilateral relationship[s]” and offering political and security incentives could persuade states considering developing nuclear weapons to cease these efforts.
August 31, 1990	Letter from South African President De Klerk to President Bush South African President De Klerk writes to U.S. President George H.W. Bush in reply to the latter’s 24 July, 1990 letter regarding South Africa’s accession to the NPT. The letter explicitly states South Africa’s commitment to disarmament and suggests the possibility of “declaring South Africa a nuclear weapons free zone.”