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Eastern Europe

Poland

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

Warsaw Pact

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Eastern Europe

"The Bundeshaus (Federal Building) in Bonn, West Germany, May 1961. "

Western Europe

West Germany

Warsaw Pact Military Planning

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Gomułka, Władysław

1905- 1982

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

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Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe

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Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894- 1971

Nuclear Proliferation

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Photograph of Helmut Kohl, 1982.

Kohl, Helmut

1930- 2017

German Reunification

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April 1, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Polish President Walesa on Tuesday, 31 March 1992 Kohl and Walesa talk about Poland's eagerness for EC membership and their shared irritation about general Western reservation in terms of EC enlargement. They discuss the desire of the Visegrad countries for NATO membership. Kohl reiterates his aim to to have a relationship with Poland that was similar to the German friendship with France.
September 17, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with U.S. President Bush on Monday, 16 September 1991, at the White House Kohl and Bush analyze European security and the potential creation of a European pillar in NATO as well as France's rapproachment vis-a-vis NATO via the WEU. Kohl provides an assessment of Mitterrand's personality and his diplomacy toward Germany.
January 28, 1991	Memorandum of Telephone Conversation: Telcon with Chancellor Kohl of Germany, January 28, 1991, 11:08-11:28 a.m. On a phone call, Bush and Kohl discuss the Gulf War, including the evacuation of Iraqi planes to Iran, Saddam Hussein's state of mind, the role of Turkey, and German's financial contribution.
March 21, 1990	Working Record of a Conversation of Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki with Deputy Secretary of State L. Eagleburger At a working lunch, Mazowiecki and Deputy Secretary of State L. Eagleburger discuss the dangers of Balkanization. Additionally, they discuss the difficulties of European unification in the current political climate.
March 21, 1990	Working Record of the Conversation between the Prime Minister, Tadeusz Mazowiecki and the US Secretary of Defense D. Cheney Mazowiecki and Cheney discuss Poland’s military, Soviet troop withdraw, and the future of NATO.
March 21, 1990	Minutes of a Conversation of Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki with US President George Bush Over two days of meetings, Bush and Mazowiecki discuss German reunification, the future of relations with the Soviet Union/Russia, and NATO.
April 29, 1993	Memorandum for Marc Grossman from William H. Itoh, 'Presidential Memcons with Presidents Walesa, Iliescu, and Zhelev' Clinton and Walesa discuss U.S.-Polish relations and steps their countries could take to coordinate policy vis-a-vis Russia. (Clinton's memcons with Iliescu and Zhelev were withheld during declassification in September 2019.)
February 15, 1995	Memorandum for Kenneth C. Brill from Andrew D. Sens, 'Memorandum of Conversation of the President's Expanded Meeting with Chancellor Kohl of Germany' Kohl and Clinton have a wide ranging discussion on NATO expansion, crises in the Balkans, Chechnya and Northern Africa, relations with Europe, and other subjects.
July 24, 1997	Memorandum for Glyn T. Davies from Alexander Vershbow, 'Memorandum of Conversation between the President and President Herzog of Germany' Clinton and Herzog discuss NATO expansion and U.S. relations with Romania, Ukraine, and other states in Europe. Herzog cautions against Romania immediately joining NATO.
January 16, 1994	Cable, U.S. Delegation Secretary to the Secretary of State, 'Secretary’s Meeting with Foreign Ministers of Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. January 11, 1994, Prague, the Ambassador's Residence' US Secretary of State Christopher described the results of a recent NATO summit, the Partnership for Peace (PfP) concept, and NATO expansion.