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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Satellite image of Western Europe

Western Europe

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Western Europe

France

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

Euratom

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Photograph of Helmut Kohl, 1982.

Kohl, Helmut

1930- 2017

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

-

Group photo from the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group Operational Basket Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, April 4-6, 1995.

ACRS Oral History Project

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989-

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924- 2018

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

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Documents

December 4, 1973	Memorandum of Conversation between Nicolae Ceausescu and President Nixon Ceasescu, Nixon and Kissinger discuss issues ranging from European security to the situation in the Middle East.
February 17, 1952	Report by Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart on his visit to Radio Free Europe, Munich Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart - head of the World War II Political Warfare Executive who later had a highly popular BBC weekly program in Czech - visited RFE with BBC Central European chief Gregory Macdonald between January 29 and February 1, 1952. Reviewing personalities, attitudes, and operations in Munich, Lockhart concluded that RFE had made progress in its first year, that its broadcasters were happy to be separated geographically from émigré politicians in the US, but that RFE faced the challenge of keeping the spark of hope alive in Eastern Europe without instigating revolt. It also faced the challenge of emerging German sovereignty, which Lockhart thought would force RFE to relocate to another country. Accompanying Foreign Office memoranda generally endorsed Lockhart conclusions. Information Research Department official F.C. Stacey cautioned that “the need for sensational stories of RFE activities” for the domestic US audience might result in irresponsible RFE broadcasts.
January 9, 1951	Stalin's Conference with East European Delegates Stalin and Ministers from Eastern European countries discuss the current military status in Eastern Europe, focusing specifically on potential moves by the United States. Topics also included a discussion on the strength of Eastern European armed forces
October 16, 1964	Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China The Government of China announces its successful nuclear test but states that it will follow a no first use policy and in fact desires for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons.
October 24, 1945	Memorandum of a Conversation between W.A. Harriman and Stalin W.A. Harriman and Stalin discuss post-war peace treaties and discuss who will be invited to participate in negotiations in the European war.
June 12, 1987	Speech by President Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate, West Berlin, 'Remarks on East-West Relations' Ronald Reagan's famous speech in which he advises Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall!"
November 18, 1969	N. Sudarikov, 'The Main Directions of the Domestic and Foreign Policy of the KWP CC and DPRK Government and the Situation in Korea' The document describes the increased exaltation of Kim Il Sung. Regarding international relations, the DPRK diverges with the Soviet Union and other European countries. The document also touches on relations with the Soviet Union, China, and South Korea. Lastly, some issues which should be addressed during the visit of Pak Seong-cheol to the Soviet Union are mentioned.
April 12, 1967	Intelligence Note from Thomas L. Hughes to the Acting Secretary, 'Soviets Continue to Denounce American Interpretation of Nonproliferation Treaty' The Soviets were insisting that article III on safeguards mention only the IAEA but not the European Atomic Energy Community [EURATOM], even though West Germany and other EURATOM members resisted the idea of IAEA inspections in Western Europe. It would take quite a few months before the Article III wording was to everyone’s satisfaction, but the Soviets also objected to US interpretations of the proposed Article II which would permit a nuclear-armed, united Western Europe.
January 31, 1962	Research Memorandum REU-25 from Roger Hilsman to Mr. Kohler, 'European Attitudes on Independent Nuclear Capability' Concerns about the credibility of US nuclear deterrence generated Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) General Lauris Norstad’s proposal for a NATO-controlled medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) force. This lengthy report represented INR’s assessment of “present and future European interest in national or multinational nuclear weapons capabilities,” including the MRBM proposal, and the extent to which an “enhancement of NATO's nuclear role” could “deter national or multinational European nuclear weapons programs.”
October 11, 1955	Report by [Canadian Minister of External Affairs] Pearson on His Talk with Mr. Khrushchev Canada's Minister of External Affairs Lester Pearson provides a summary of his talks with Khrushchev and Bulganin. In context of July's Geneva Summit, the main topics discussed are NATO, the German Question and European security. Wh