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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

Sino-Soviet Relations

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Eastern Europe

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Eastern Europe

Bulgaria

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893- 1976

Interkit, 1966-1987

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

Cuban Foreign Relations

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Kim Il Sung, 1978

Kim, Il Sung

1912- 1994

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC)

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Zhivkov, Todor

1911- 1998

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August 4, 1961	Excerpts from Khrushchev's Comments at Conference of First Secretaries of CC of Communist and Workers Parties of Socialist Countries Selected excerpts from Khrushchev's concluding speech at a conference of Warsaw Pact leader, focused on the building crisis over the status of Berlin.
March 10, 1980	Evaluation of Chinese Policies toward Eastern Europe by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union This document addresses China's alleged bid to undermine the unity of the Socialist countries while maintaining special relations with Romania, Yugoslavia, and North Korea. Chinese foreign policy is seen as interfering in the domestic affairs of the Socialist states. By maintaining contacts with Western countries and by encouraging further armament of NATO, China is undermining the position of the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet evaluation assesses China as an unreliable partner in international relations and advises that all contacts of the Chinese government with foreign organizations or authorities be closely monitored.
1974	Analysis of the Romanian Attitude toward Maoism This document offers an East German assessment of Romania's attitude towards China. It emphasizes that the Romanian Communist Party approves of the Chinese Maoist line and agrees with Beijing's domestic and foreign policies. Romania's foreign policy is said to attribute the same importance to relations with China as to relations with the Soviet Union. It also notes that the Romanian government has given more publicity to the resumption of diplomatic relations between China and West Germany than it did to similar moves between East Germany and India. The authors identify an anti-Soviet bias in the Romanian position, which the authors believe undermines the unity of the Socialist countries.
February 29, 1972	Stenographic Transcript of the Joint Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party and of the Council of Ministers of the Socialist Republic of Romania (Nixon's Visit to China) This stenographic transcript of a meeting of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party and the Romanian Council of Ministers addresses US President Richard Nixon's visit to China in 1971. Romanian leader Nicolae Ceauşescu evaluates the outcomes of the visit positively, arguing that despite fundamental differences between China and the US, the talks have opened the door to improving the political and economic cooperation between the two countries. Ceauşescu further discusses the implications of the Sino-US rapprochement for Romania and the official position his country should adopt in its relations with China.
June 11, 1987	Record of Conversation in Prague between Chinese Party Leader Zhao Ziyang and Czechoslovak President Gustáv Husák This record of a 1987 conversation between the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Zhao Ziyang, and Czechoslovak President Gustav Husák includes information on the political and economic situation in Czechoslovakia and China. Zhao Zhang explains changes in the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. They also discuss the foreign policies of their respective countries, including relations with Japan and the US. Attached is a Slovak summary of the meeting, including details on technological cooperation between Czechoslovakia and China.
July 14, 1977	Bulgarian Communist Party Politburo Decision on Information about China after Mao This decision of the Politburo of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) refers to specific measures to be undertaken by Bulgaria's ideological and propagandistic organs in publicly condemning Maoism as an ideology contrary to the theory and practice of Socialism and Marxism-Leninism. Among these measures are the commissioning of publications, media reports, and lectures at institutions of higher education in order to excoriate Chinese foreign policy for its attacks on the Soviet Union and the other European Socialist countries.
July 9, 1973	Report by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on China's Policy toward Western Europe and Opposition against the CSCE This document contains information prepared by the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) on China's European policy and Chinese opposition to the convocation of a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). It states that China's overall goals are diametrically opposed to those of the European Socialist countries and their Communist parties, with Beijing identifying the Soviet Union as its primary enemy. In this light, the Soviet leadership maintains that actively confronting China in ideological and political terms remains one of the most important tasks of the Warsaw Pact countries.
April 23, 1955	Zhou Enlai’s Speech at the Political Committee of the Afro-Asian Conference Zhou Enlai discussed communist expansion, subversive activities and the prospect of peace, during which he mentioned the relation between Pakistan and China. He also put forth the Chinese motion that the Conference should have a peace declaration of seven points: Mutual respect of sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-adoption of invasive action or threats, mutual non-interference of internal affairs, acknowledgment of racial equality, acknowledgment of equality of countries, recognition of people's right to decide their own political and economic systems, and mutual non-detriment.
1970	Eldridge Cleaver Notebooks, 1970 Eldridge Cleaver's handwritten notes from his travels to North Korea in 1970 for the "U.S. People's Anti-Imperialist Delegation."
September 5, 1969	Letter from Eldridge Cleaver to David Hilliard Eldridge Cleaver gives a list of specific instructions and suggestions on establishing relations with the communist parties in Asia and North Korea in particular.