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The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

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Phạm, Văn Đồng (Pham Van Dong)

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February 26, 1971	From the Journal of M.G. Podol’sky, 'Record of a Conversation with R. Berthold, Counsellor of the GDR Embassy in Hanoi, 18 February 1971' A Soviet official in Vietnam recounts a meeting with an East German diplomat. The two sides discussed the nuclear threats from the United States in the Vietnam War, as well as relations with China.
December 25, 1979	Cable from the Foreign Ministry, 'Notice on the Cambodian Situation and Changes in the Government of Democratic Cambodia' The Chinese Foreign Ministry provides an update on the leadership in Cambodia and the Cambodian-Vietnamese war.
1969	Ahmad Hamrush, 'An Egyptian in Vietnam, Korea, and China' (Excerpts) The author of the Arabic-language book from which these excerpts are derived from is Ahmad Hamrush (1921-2011). Involved in the Free Officers’ coup of July 23, 1952, Hamrush left the army in 1955, but stayed a regime insider. He became a historian who wrote a multi-volume history of the coup, among other books; he edited several journals including the army’s al-Tahrir and the famous political magazine Rose al-Yusuf; he was Secretary General of the Egyptian Committee for Afro-Asian Solidarity in the 1960s; and he was a travel writer, as this book shows. It recounts a journey in 1968 to the People’s Republic of China, North Korea, and North Vietnam. Although in the 1950s and deep into the 1960s, African decolonization struggles had attracted much attention in the Arab world and perhaps especially in Arab North Africa, Asia was a key concern, too—in the 1960s especially Vietnam. This was of course not exceptional. As books like Quinn Slobodian’s Foreign Front: Third World Politics in Sixties West Germany (2012) have shown, Vietnam as a cause—and some Vietnamese as actors—helped midwife the German student movement in the 1960s. (In Germany, the shah’s Iran and Iranian activists mattered greatly, too, however.) To take two more examples, Vietnam as a mode and model of reference mattered to anti-Soviet Lebanese leftists in the 1960s, as Laure Guirguis’ “La référence au Vietnam et l’émergence des gauches radicales au Liban, 1962-1975” (2018) has shown, and Iranians—leftists and others—followed developments in Vietnam closely, as Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet has noted in “The Anti-Aryan Moment: Decolonization, Diplomacy, and Race in Late Pahlavi Iran” (2021). What distinguishes this text is its timing. Hamrush reflects on a journey he made soon after the Six-Day War of June 1967. That month Israel inflicted a humiliating defeat on Arab armies, including Egypt’s, the most powerful Arab state. This drastically amplified concerns some already had had about President Gamal Abdel Nasser’s (1918-1970) regime and triggered much self-critique in books like Al-naqd al-dhati ba‘da al-hazima (1968; in 2021 translated as Self-Criticism after the Defeat) by the Syrian Marxist political thinker Sadiq Jalal al-‘Azm (1934-2016).
September 19, 1969	Notes Kept during the Verbal Report given to the First Secretary of the CC of the PLA, Comrade Enver Hoxha, on 19 September 1969, by Comrade Rita Marko The Albanian Party leadership discusses recent meetings with the Chinese Communist Party, the state of Sino-Soviet relations, and the funeral of Ho Chi Minh.
November 30, 1956	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1956, No. 43 (Overall Issue No. 69) This issue begins with a joint statement from Zhou Enlai and North Vietnamese Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng. It also discusses purchasing and storing grain for the fall, tax exemptions for transplanted mulberry and tea gardens, and buying scrap metals.
November 23, 1956	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1956, No. 42 (Overall Issue No. 68) This issue covers the second plenary session of the CCP Central Committee and outlines plans for Zhou Enlai to visit seven countries, including the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. It also addresses other topics, such as trade between Tibet and Nepal, controlling counter-revolutionaries, and the Third Ministry of Machine Building for aviation.
April 16, 1956	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1956, No. 14 (Overall Issue No. 40) In this issue, Zhou Enlai congratulates the Prime Minister of Morocco, Mbarek Bekkay, and the Prime Minister of Tunisia, Tahar Ben Ammar, after both countries won their independence. One section announces a Sino-North Vietnamese civilian air transport service agreement; while another features a Sino-Soviet agreement to develop various industries and build a railway between Lanzhou and Aktogay (now in Kazakhstan). Finally, other sections discuss managing cooperatives, higher education, and provincial administrative concerns.
July 25, 1955	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1955, No. 11 (Overall Issue No. 14) This issue begins with a joint statement from the Chinese and North Vietnamese governments. Among other topics, such as the management of infectious diseases, it also addresses concerns related to primary, secondary, and higher education. For example, one section discusses the need for cooperation between production enterprises and university research departments.
December 19, 1967	[Mao Zedong's] Congratulatory Telegram to Chairman Nguyễn Hữu Thọ on the Seventh Anniversary of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam Mao congratulates Nguyễn Hữu Thọ for the success of the National Liberation Front. He voices a firm conviction that the Vietnamese people will eventually drive the Americans from their country and affirms Chinese support for their struggle.
August 29, 1963	Statement [from Mao Zedong] Opposing [the Combined Efforts] of the United States and Ngô Đình Diệm to Subjugate and Massacre the People of Southern Vietnam Mao echoes a recent statement from Ho Chi Minh, opposing American imperialist aggression in South Vietnam. He urges revolutionaries around to support South Vietnamese [communists] in their struggle against the Americans and Ngo Dinh Diem. (Note: Originally published in the People's Daily on August 30, 1963.)