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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin and the Cold War

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Sino-Soviet Relations

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893- 1976

Photograph of 38th parallel crossing during Korean War

Korean War, 1950-1953

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Kim Il Sung, 1978

Kim, Il Sung

1912- 1994

American diplomat William Averell Harriman

Harriman, W. Averell (William Averell)

1891- 1986

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Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich

1890- 1986

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

Uyghur man in Xinjiang

China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Making of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1950

Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1959

Iran-Soviet Relations

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December 11, 1962	Letter from Acting Chief of the General Staff, General of the Army V. Ivanov, to the Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy This memo explains that the combat readiness of ships in the Northern, Baltic, and Black Seas is to be withdrawn and previously planned voyages are to be cancelled. The memo was sent in December 1962, after the Cuban Missile Crisis had ended.
December 7, 1962	Order from the Acting Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy, Vice Admiral I. Yeliseyev, to the Acting Chief of the General Staff, General of the Army Cde V.D. Ivanov A request asking permission to discharge personnel from ships located in the Northern, Black, and Baltic Seas. The request was sent in December 1962, after the Cuban Missile Crisis had ended.
September 14, 1961	Reception by N.S. Khrushchev of Japanese Ambassador H. Yamada, September 14, 1961 The two parties discuss solutions for improving Soviet-Japanese trade relations. Khrushchev expresses concern about Japan's military ties with the US, given that there are US army bases in Japan. Yamada raises the concern of logistical difficulties faced by Japanese businesspeople visiting the USSR. The two parties also discuss Soviet-Japanese treaties and geopolitical relations.
October 28, 2020	Interview with Donald Sinclair Donald Sinclair is a former Canadian diplomat. He served as a member of the Canadian delegation to ACRS.
October 2, 2020	Interview with Daniel Poneman Daniel Poneman was director of Defense Policy and Arms Control at the National Security Council. He served as a member of the US delegation to ACRS.
November 11, 2020	Interview with Sallai Meridor Sallai Meridor is a former Israeli diplomat. He served as a member of the Israeli delegation to ACRS.
September 23, 2020	Interview with Daniel Kurtzer Ambassador Daniel Kurtzer is a former US diplomat. He was Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Near East Bureau at the US Department of State during the ACRS process, the coordinator of the multilateral peace talks following the Madrid peace conference, and the U.S. representative in the multilateral Steering Group .
September 13, 2020	Interview with Fred Axelgard Fred Axelgard is a former US diplomat. He served as a member of the US delegation to ACRS.
October 7, 1977	Report on Visits to the Mongolian People's Republic and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea In September 1977, W. Jaruzelski visited Mongolia and the DPRK. While in North Korea, Jaruzelski met with President Kim Il Sung and the Minister of National Defense O Jin U. Although Jaruzelski did make several critical comments about the DPRK in his secret post-trip report, he still spoke in highly favorable terms about the country and generally recommended that Poland strengthen its relations with North Korea. Jaruzelsk's report also includes commentary on China's relations with both Mongolia and the DPRK.
March 26, 1965	Palestine Delegation in Peking Formed in 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was not the first Palestinian organization after the nakba (catastrophe), the escape from violence and the Israeli expulsion of a good half of Palestinians in 1948. The two most important earlier organizations were Harakat al-Qawmiyyin al-‘Arab (Arab Nationalists Movement [ANM]) and Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (Palestinian National Liberation Movement [Fatah]). Founded in 1951 in Beirut, ANM became committed to Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) and his version of pan-Arab nationalism, which it saw as the means to liberate Palestine, opening a separate Palestinian branch in 1959. (In 1967, it would give rise to the leftist Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), which split in 1968, one wing forming the Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP)). Rejecting Arab states’ tutelage, Fatah was officially born in 1959, though organizational activities began in 1956 and though it built on military cells operating from Egyptian-ruled Gaza from the early 1950s. After Arab armies’ crushing loss against Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967 killed any remaining hopes, weakened since the early 1960s, that Arab armies would liberate Palestine, Fatah grew in strength. In 1969, it took command of the PLO. The latter had been founded in 1964 for several reasons. Nasser hoped to weaken Fatah and Syria, a state then in competition with him. Also, the PLO served (upper) middle class Palestinians some of whom—like Ahmad al-Shuqayri (1908-1908), Palestine’s representative to the Arab League and the PLO’s founder and first chairman—had played a Palestinian political role until 1948 and wished to do so again. And these men and women believed Palestinians needed their own statist entity, as Yezid Sayigh’s monumental Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949-1993 (1997) notes. In 1965, PLO delegates led by Shuqayri for the first time visited the People’s Republic of China (PRC), as reported in the English issue of the multi-language international organ Peking Review. Already in 1964 a small Fatah delegation led by Yassir Arafat (1929-2004) had accepted an invitation to visit Beijing, founding an office there. Sure, upon its establishment in 1949 the PRC had de jure recognized Israel, following the lead of the Soviet Union that acted as its older brother in the communist camp. (Israel in turn was the first Middle Eastern state to recognize the PRC, in 1950.) But after the PRC and the USSR split in 1960, Beijing amplified its anti-imperialist rhetoric and policies versus the Soviet Union and the United States, as Gregg Brazinksy’s Winning the Third World: Sino-American Rivalry during the Cold War (2017) has shown. It was in this context that it from the mid-1960s delivered arms especially to Fatah and the PLO—it soon also would train fighters—and that it politically embraced the Palestinian cause. The PRC framed this policy as that of one “revolutionary people” helping another one, a story strand in Paul Chamberlin’s The Global Offensive: The United States, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and the Making of the Post-Cold War Order (2012). By the early 1970s, however, Chinese support became more lukewarm. Moreover, after the death of Chairman Mao Zedong (1893-1976), relations with Israel cautiously warmed, though remaining surreptitious until the establishment of full diplomatic ties in 1992.