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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Yeltsin, Boris

1931- 2007

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

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Hartmann, Peter

1935-

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

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Tuđman, Franjo

1922- 1999

François Mitterrand in 1983

Mitterrand, François

1916- 1996

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

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June 30, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with French President Mitterrand over Breakfast on Saturday, 27 June 1992 Mitterrand emphasizes that Yugoslavia could turn into "a second Vietnam” in case of a Western military intervention. He questions the rational of U.S. and British policy in the Balkans and rejects France's military involvement. Kohl rules out Germany's participation in military operations.
December 9, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Croatian President Franjo Tudjman on Thursday, 6 December 1991 Kohl and Tudman examine the situation in the Yugoslavia War and the state of EC sanctions against Yugoslavia. They discuss Germany's forthcoming recognition of Croatia. In addition, they review the correlation of military forces between Croatia and the Yugoslavian People's Army.
November 25, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with the President of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Mr. Alia Izetbegovic, Bonn, 22 November 1991, 12.00 - 13.10 Hours Kohl and Izetbegovic discuss the Yugoslavia War, EC sanctions, the potential extension of the war including Bosnia-Hercegovina as well as ideas for a "Marshall Plan" after the end of the war.
November 13, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Spanish Prime Minister Felipe Gonzales on Wednesday, 13 November 1991 Kohl and Gonzalez discuss the implications of the Yuguslavia War on the cohesion of the European Community. Both have a shared concern that the EC could be torn apart. Eventually, they discuss preparations for the Europoean Council in Maastricht in December 1991.
November 9, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with President Bush on 7 November 1991 at the NATO Summit in Rome Kohl and Bush talk about the NATO summit, the creation of a European pillar in NATO, the war in Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union's disintegration.
October 9, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with the President of Slovenia, Milan Kucan, on Tuesday, 8 October 1991 Kohl and Kucan discuss the disintegration of Yugoslavia and emphasize the need for minority rights, self determination and the non-use of force. Kohl explains his position arguing that Germany must not be "singularized" in its diplomacy.
October 8, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Croatian Foreign Minister Separovic on Monday, 7 October 1991 Kohl and Separovic examine the situation in Croatia against the backdrop of the fact that the Yugoslavian People's Army was just 30km away from Zagreb. Separovic asks for assistance and international recognition.
September 20, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Spanish Prime Minister Felipe Gonzales, Thursday, 19 September 1991, 11:20 until 12:46 hours Kohl and Gonzalez discuss the potential for European integration after Germany's unification and the urge for fast action after the coup in Moscow. They review the ensuing war in Yugoslavia and the need for the Federal Republic to avoid going it alone in its efforts for the recognition of Slovenia and Croatia.
October 7, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with French President Mitterrand on 18 September 1991, 13:45 – 15:15 hours Kohl and Mitterrand explore ideas for the creation of a NATO-WEU-European pillar in cooperation with the Bush Administration. Moreover, they discuss the war in Yugoslavia and Franco-German differences which Mitterrand even compares to the situation prior to World War I in 1914.
August 16, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Slovenian Prime Minister Peterle, St. Gilgen, 15 August 1991 Kohl and Peterle analyze the situation in Yugoslavia and Milosevic's alleged readiness to allow for Slovenia's independence. Kohl emphasizes that it was out of the question for the Federal Republic to recognize Slovenia and Croatia at this points in time as the FRG did not want to abandon the EC consensus prior to the Maastricht Summit.